Glossary

combination of numbers and variables using operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponents.

A pattern or sequence in which the same number is added to each term to get the next term.

The average rate of change of a function from one input value to another input value is calculated the same as the slope and it is a measure of how much the function changes per input unit, on average, between the given input values.

The axis or line of symmetry of a quadratic function is the vertical line that goes through the vertex of the corresponding parabola.

A graphical representation of data in which bars are used show the frequency of the corresponding category (or value) within a set of data. The height of each bar equals the frequency of the corresponding data value.

A sample is biased if members of the population do not have equal likelihood of being in the sample.

Types of bias include:
Sampling bias: when the sample is not representative of the population
Voluntary response bias: the sampling bias that often occurs when the sample is volunteers
Self-interest bias: bias that can occur when the researchers and/or participants have an interest in the outcome
Response bias: when the responder gives inaccurate responses for any reason
Perceived lack of anonymity: when the responder fears giving an honest answer might negatively affect them
Loaded question bias: when the question wording influences the responses
Non-response bias: when people refusing to participate in the study can influence the validity of the outcome

Data that describes qualities or characteristics that cannot be numerically measured.

A method of selecting samples that breaks up the population into groups/clusters and randomly select a certain number from each group.

The number in an arithmetic sequence that is being added to each term to get to the next term. This number may be found by taking any term/number in the arithmetic sequence and subtracting the previous term/number.

The number in a geometric sequence that is being multiplied by each term to get to the next term. This number may be found by taking any term/number in the geometric sequence and dividing by the previous term/number.

A function is concave down where its graph lies below its tangent lines. This occurs when the output (y) values are either increasing at an decreasing rate as input (x) values increase or output (y) values are decreasing at an increasing rate as input (x) values increase. This gives the graph an upside-down bowl or half bowl like shape.

A function is concave up where its graph lies above its tangent lines. This occurs when the output (y) values are either increasing at an increasing rate as input (x) values increase or output (y) values are decreasing at a decreasing rate as input (x) values increase. This gives the graph a bowl or half bowl like shape.

A function is decreasing when the output (y) values are decreasing as the input (x) values increase. Graphically, this is when the graph is going down from left to right.

The variable that represents output values in a function.

The number being divided (by the divisor) in a division problem.

For any dividend n and divisor d (greater than zero), there is a unique quotient q and unique remainder r (less than divisor d) such that n = q * d + r

The number that divides another number in a division problem. That is, the number that the dividend is being divided by.

The set of all input/independent variable values of a relation or function.

a statement (with an equal sign) asserting that two expressions have the same numerical value

equal in value or meaning

A formula for the nth term of a sequence in which we may plug in the value of n to determine the nth term without using previous terms.

A pictorial representation of data which tallies up the frequency of each distinct data value using x's or some other symbol. These are also referred to as line plots or dot plots. Note the frequency of a value is the number of times it appears in the data.

A relationship between a set of input values and a set of output values, such that each input value is matched to EXACTLY ONE output value.

A sequence in which the same number is multiplied by each term to get the next term. The number that we are multiplying by is called the common ratio, denoted r.

A function is increasing when the output (y) values are increasing as the input (x) values increase. Graphically, this is when the graph is going up from left to right.

The variable that represents input values in a function.

A graphical representation of data points with the following components:
Horizontal axis: This axis typically represents the span of dates, days, or times for which the data is collected.
Vertical axis: This axis shows the span of values collected over time.
Points (ordered pairs): First number represents time and second number represents the value at that time.
Line: Each pair of consecutive points on the graph is connected by a straight line segment.

A function whose graph is a straight line (constant slope). Such functions may be written in the form y = mx+b where m is the slope and (0,b) is the y-intercept.

A 2 by 2 linear system is a set of 2 linear equations with the same two variables.

The mean of a set of data is the average of all the values. That is, the mean is computed by summing the values and dividing by the number of values in the data set.

The median of a set of data is the middle value (assuming the data is in order). If there are two middle values, the median is the average of the two middle values.

The mode is the most frequently appearing number among the data values. There may be more than one mode

Data as a numerical measurement.

The graph of a quadratic equation which is a u-shaped curve that is symmetric about the axis of symmetry.

See https://www.math.net/parabola for a more precise definition.

A value calculated using all the data from the population.

The entire group that the collected data are intended to describe.

A function that may be expressed in the form [latex]y=ax^{2}+bx+c[/latex] where a, b and c are constants and a is not equal to zero. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.

The whole number we get when dividing one number by another. That is, how many times the divisor goes into the dividend.

The set of all output/dependent variable values of a relation or function.

A recursive formula for a sequence identifies initial term(s)/number(s) in the sequence and then gives a rule for finding each subsequent term in the sequence using one or more previous terms.

A relationship between two sets of objects/numbers in which objects from one set (of inputs) are paired with objects from the other set (of outputs).

The number left over after dividing a whole number (called the dividend) by another whole number (called the divisor).

The number of responses divided by the number in the sample (multiply by 100 to get it as a percent).

A subset of the population from which data are collected.

Sampling rate equals
(size of the sample) ÷ (size of the population).

This number is often multiplied by 100 to get a percent.

An ordered list of objects (e.g., numbers) usually with a certain pattern.

Selecting data points randomly from a population, like picking names out of a hat.

The slope of a function from one input value to another input value is the change in corresponding output values divided by the change in the given input values (often known as the change in y divided by the change in x or "rise over run"). Graphically, the slope gives the steepness of the line through the two corresponding points.

Equation of a line in the form y=mx+b where m is the slope and (0,b) is the y-intercept

A value calculated using data from a sample.

A representation of the data (typically) arranged by place value where each stem value is paired with corresponding leaf values.

A notation for terms of a sequence that uses subscripts to indicate the position of the term in the sequence (e.g., a_n read "a sub n" denotes the nth term of the sequence).

A method of selecting samples in which researchers choose members of the population at regular intervals.

A number in a sequence.

a letter that represents a quantity that may vary

The vertex of a quadratic function is the lowest point on the corresponding graph if the parabola opens up and the highest point on the graph if the parabola opens down.

An average where each number has a different level of importance/weight.

The x-intercept of function is the point at which the graph of the function intersects the x-axis (where y = 0).

The y-intercept of function is the point at which the graph of the function intersects the y-axis (where x = 0).