Parts of this chapter were adapted from:

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W., & Lovett, M. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. Houston, Texas. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-1-human-genetics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2022) What is Epigenetics? https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (2020). Epigenetics Fact Sheet. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Epigenomics-Fact-Sheet

Turkheimer, E. (2023). The nature-nurture question. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/tvz92edh

​​Weaver, I. (2023). Epigenetics in psychology. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/37p5cb8v

References

Alarcon, J. M., Malleret, G., Touzani, K., Vronskaya, S., Ishii, S., Kandel, E. R., & Barco, A. (2004). Chromatin acetylation, memory, and LTP are impaired in CBP+/- mice: a model for the cognitive deficit in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome and its amelioration. Neuron, 42(6), 947–959.

Amir, R. E., Van den Veyver, I. B., Wan, M., Tran, C. Q., Francke, U., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (1999). Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Nature Genetics, 23(2), 185–188.

Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., & Segal, N. L. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250(4978), 223–228.

Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1998). Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 95(9), 5335–5340.

Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A. & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582), 851–854.

Cassel, S., Carouge, D., Gensburger, C., Anglard, P., Burgun, C., Dietrich, J. B., . . . Zwiller, J. (2006). Fluoxetine and cocaine induce the epigenetic factors MeCP2 and MBD1 in adult rat brain. Molecular Pharmacology, 70(2), 487–492. doi: 10.1124/mol.106.022301

Chandran, A., Antony, C., Jose, L., Mundayoor, S., Natarajan, K., & Kumar, R. A. (2015). Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces HDAC1-mediated suppression of IL-12B gene expression in macrophages. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 5, 90.

Confer, J. C., Easton, J. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M. G, Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2010). Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. American Psychologist, 65, 110–126.

Covington, H. E., Maze, I., LaPlant, Q. C., Vialou, V. F., Ohnishi, Y. N., Berton, O., … & Nestler, E. J. (2009). Antidepressant actions of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(37), 11451-11460.

Day, J. J., & Sweatt, J. D. (2011). Epigenetic mechanisms in cognition. Neuron, 70(5), 813–829.

Feng, J., Zhou, Y., Campbell, S. L., Le, T., Li, E., Sweatt, J. D., . . . Fan, G. (2010). Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons. Nature Neuroscience, 13(4), 423–430. doi: 10.1038/nn.2514

Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science, 286(5442), 1155–1158.

Gong, L., Parikh, S., Rosenthal, P. J., & Greenhouse, B. (2013). Biochemical and immunological mechanisms by which sickle cell trait protects against malaria. Malaria Journal. Advance online publication. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-317

Guan, Z., Giustetto, M., Lomvardas, S., Kim, J. H., Miniaci, M. C., Schwartz, J. H., . . . Kandel, E. R. (2002). Integration of long-term-memory-related synaptic plasticity involves bidirectional regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure. Cell, 111(4), 483–493.

Guo, J. U., Ma, D. K., Mo, H., Ball, M. P., Jang, M. H., Bonaguidi, M. A., . . . Song, H. (2011). Neuronal activity modifies the DNA methylation landscape in the adult brain. Nature Neuroscience, 14(10), 1345–1351.

Heijmans, B. T., Tobi, E. W., Stein, A. D., Putter, H., Blauw, G. J., Susser, E. S., … & Lumey, L. H. (2008). Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(44), 17046-17049.

Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Hoek, H. W., Susser, E., Brown, A. S., Dingemans, A., Schnack, H. G., … & Kahn, R. S. (2000). Prenatal exposure to famine and brain morphology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1170-1172.

Jiang, Y. H., Bressler, J., & Beaudet, A. L. (2004). Epigenetics and human disease. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 5, 479–510.

Lee, M. G., Wynder, C., Schmidt, D. M., McCafferty, D. G., & Shiekhattar, R. (2006). Histone H3 lysine 4 demethylation is a target of nonselective antidepressive medications. Chemistry & Biology, 13(6), 563–567.

Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., . . . Meaney, M. J. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277(5332), 1659–1662.

McCartney, D. L., Stevenson, A. J., Hillary, R. F., Walker, R. M., Bermingham, M. L., Morris, S. W., … & Marioni, R. E. (2018). Epigenetic signatures of starting and stopping smoking. EBioMedicine, 37, 214-220.

McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., Huang, T. C., Unterberger, A., Suderman, M., Ernst, C., . . . Szyf, M. (2008). Promoter-wide hypermethylation of the ribosomal RNA gene promoter in the suicide brain. PLoS ONE, 3(5), e2085. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002085

McGue, M., & Lykken, D. T. (1992). Genetic influence on risk of divorce. Psychological Science, 3(6), 368–373.

Mill, J., Tang, T., Kaminsky, Z., Khare, T., Yazdanpanah, S., Bouchard, L., . . . Petronis, A. (2008). Epigenomic profiling reveals DNA-methylation changes associated with major psychosis. American Journal of Human Genetics, 82(3), 696–711.

National Human Genome Research Institute (2021). The cost of sequencing a human genome. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Sequencing-Human-Genome-cost

Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics, 3(2), 97–106.

Pidsley, R., Dempster, E., Troakes, C., Al-Sarraj, S., & Mill, J. (2012). Epigenetic and genetic variation at the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region on 11p15. 5 is associated with cerebellum weight. Epigenetics, 7(2), 155-163.

Plomin, R., Corley, R., DeFries, J. C., & Fulker, D. W. (1990). Individual differences in television viewing in early childhood: Nature as well as nurture. Psychological Science, 1(6), 371–377.

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2012). Behavioral genetics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

Poulter, M. O., Du, L., Weaver, I. C., Palkovits, M., Faludi, G., Merali, Z., . . . Anisman, H. (2008). GABAA receptor promoter hypermethylation in suicide brain: implications for the involvement of epigenetic processes. Biological Psychiatry, 64(8), 645–652.

Roseboom, T. J. (2019). Epidemiological evidence for the developmental origins of health and disease: effects of prenatal undernutrition in humans. Journal of Endocrinology, 242(1), T135-T144.

Schaefer, A., Sampath, S. C., Intrator, A., Min, A., Gertler, T. S., Surmeier, D. J., . . . Greengard, P. (2009). Control of cognition and adaptive behavior by the GLP/G9a epigenetic suppressor complex. Neuron, 64(5), 678–691.

Scott, J. P., & Fuller, J. L. (1998). Genetics and the social behavior of the dog. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Tang, Q., Cheng, J., Cao, X., Surowy, H., & Burwinkel, B. (2016). Blood-based DNA methylation as biomarker for breast cancer: a systematic review. Clinical Epigenetics, 8, 1-18.

Tienari, P., Wynne, L. C., Sorri, A., et al. (2004). Genotype–environment interaction in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 216–222.

Tordjman, S., Somogyi, E., Coulon, N., Kermarrec, S., Cohen, D., Bronsard, G., … & Xavier, J. (2014). Gene × Environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders: Role of epigenetic mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 53.

Tsankova, N. M., Berton, O., Renthal, W., Kumar, A., Neve, R. L., & Nestler, E. J. (2006). Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nature Neuroscience. 9(4): 519–525.

Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(5), 160–164.

Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., . . . Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7(8), 847–854.

Weaver, I. C., Champagne, F. A., Brown, S. E., Dymov, S., Sharma, S., Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005). Reversal of maternal programming of stress responses in adult offspring through methyl supplementation: altering epigenetic marking later in life. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(47), 11045–11054.

Wells, J. C. (2003). The thrifty phenotype hypothesis: thrifty offspring or thrifty mother? Journal of Theoretical Biology, 221(1), 143–161.

Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics. Science, 351(6273), 564–565.

Zudaire, E., Cuesta, N., Murty, V., Woodson, K., Adams, L., Gonzalez, N., … & Cuttitta, F. (2008). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor is a putative tumor suppressor gene in multiple human cancers. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118(2), 640-650.